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2021年01月23日

If You Are Going to Survive, You Must Prepare to Fail

如果你要生存，你必须做好失败的准备

Dale Zelko looked down over his right shoulder through the cockpit window and saw the dark sky suddenly flare as two surface-to-air missiles tore up towards him through the low cloud over Belgrade.

戴尔·泽尔科（Dale Zelko）透过驾驶舱的窗户从右肩往下看，看到黑暗的天空突然闪出亮光，两枚地对空导弹穿过贝尔格莱德上空的低云朝他飞来。

This wasn't supposed to happen.

这本不该发生。

Dale was a US Air Force fighter pilot sitting in an F-117 Nighthawk stealth fighter—the black angular ones that look like a UFO—a jet that was considered by most people at the time to be pretty much invulnerable. Dale's aircraft was called a stealth fighter because it was “low-observable,” but that doesn't mean it was invisible. It was black and flew at night, it was angular in shape to make radar waves bounce off in ways that are harder to detect, its jet engines were deep inside and their exhausts were shrouded to dissipate noise and heat. Its bombs were carried inside its fuselage to stop them from reflecting radar waves. Even the jet's black paint was specially mixed to absorb radar energy and reduce its on-screen signature. Hundreds of billions of dollars of cutting-edge science had gone into making sure that no stealth fighter had ever been shot down by an enemy.

戴尔是一名美国空军战斗机飞行员，驾驶着一架F-117夜鹰隐形战斗机——一种黑色的有角的，看起来像不明飞行物的飞机——当时大多数人认为这种飞机几乎无懈可击。戴尔的飞机被称为隐形战斗机，因为它是“低可观察”的，但这并不意味着它是隐形的。它是黑色的，在夜间飞行，它的角度形状使雷达波以更难探测到的方式反射，同时为了隐藏噪音和热量，它的喷气发动机被放在机体内部深处，它们的排气被遮盖起来。而为了防止反射雷达波，炸弹装在了机身内。就连飞机的黑色涂料也经过了特殊的混合，以吸收雷达能量，减少屏幕上的信号。为了确保保隐形战斗机不会被敌人击落，军方投入了数千亿美元的尖端科技投入。

And yet at that moment, as he watched the missiles arc upwards, Dale realized that his jet was about to have the dubious distinction of being the first.

然而就在那一刻，当他看着导弹呈弧形上升时，戴尔意识到他的飞机即将成为第一架被击落的这种飞机。

The missiles weighed a ton each, were six meters long, with a bright orange flame spewing grey smoke, traveling at three times the speed of sound. The first one flew straight over the top of him, close enough that its shockwave buffeted his jet. He remembers being surprised that it didn't go off—surface-to-air missiles like those are fitted with a proximity fuse that detonates their 60 kilogram explosive warhead when they get close to their targets, peppering them with small shards of metal shrapnel. He looked back, saw the next one and thought, It's going to run right into me.

这些导弹每枚重达一吨，长6米，撒发出明亮的橙色火焰，喷出灰色的烟雾，以三倍于音速的速度飞行。第一枚导弹直接从他头顶飞过，距离很近，其冲击波冲击了他的飞机。他记得自己惊讶地发现，这种导弹没有发射出类似的地对空导弹，这种导弹装有近炸引信，当接近目标时，会引爆60公斤重的爆炸弹头，向目标发射小片金属弹片。他回头一看，看到了另一枚，心想，它要撞到我身上了。

The force of the impact was so violent that Dale's jet flipped over and its nose pitched down simultaneously, throwing him up in his seat straps so that he was pushing up against the cockpit roof and enduring an incredible negative g-force of 7; seven times the force of gravity, in the wrong direction. As his aircraft dived out of his control, he needed to pull the ejection-seat handle that would rocket him out of it within the next couple of seconds, if he didn't want to spear into the ground at 500 mph.

受到强大的冲击波的影响，戴尔的飞机翻了个身，机头向下倾斜，把他推到了座舱顶，此时的他承受着不可思议的7倍负重力;这股力量是重力的七倍，但方向与之相反。当他的飞机脱离他的控制开始俯冲时，他需要拉动弹射座椅的手柄，如果他不想以500英里每小时的速度刺向地面，他就必须在几秒中之内让弹射椅离开飞机。

In life, we all have to deal with unexpected events. Not many of us will find ourselves fired out of a jet thousands of feet above the Earth, but in our professional and personal lives, it will often be how we respond to the unexpected that will most define us. However, perfectly understandably, most people spend very little time thinking about failure, disaster and worst-case scenarios. Indeed, the unexpected is by definition the thing you haven’t planned for. We see this time and time again in the most extreme of circumstances. While we can’t predict what events we’ll find ourselves in—be they natural disasters like earthquakes, or man-made catastrophes like violent attacks—what we do know is that our human behavior in difficult situations tends to follow distinct patterns. These patterns always occur, and they have been observed in studies when random groups of people are subjected to the same stressors. Analyses of these studies reveal not only what proportion of us are likely to respond appropriately—by which I mean doing something to aid survival—during the heat of a “disaster,” and therefore live to tell the tale, but also what the hazards or barriers are to ‘coping’ after the dust has settled.

在生活中，我们都会遇到一些意料之外的事情。没有多少人会发现自己从离地球几千英尺的高空被弹射出来，但在我们的职业和个人生活中，最能定义我们的往往是我们如何应对意外。然而，显而易见的是，大多数人很少花时间考虑失败、灾难和最坏的情况。事实上，意外就是你计划之外的事情。在最极端的情况下，我们一次又一次地看到这种情况发生。虽然我们无法预测我们会遇到什么样的事件——比如自然灾害，比如地震，或者人为灾难，比如****——但我们知道的是，人类在困难情况下的行为倾向于遵循不同的模式。这些模式总是会发生，并且在研究中观察到，当随机分组的人受到相同的压力源时。分析这些研究揭示了我们中的一部分可能会根据情况做出适当的回应,我指的是在灾难中求生。因此，活着是为了讲述故事，但也要知道尘埃落定后“应对”的危险或障碍是什么。

Roughly speaking, we all fall into one of three groups during a dynamic crisis event. A few people will know what to do (roughly one in 10), the vast majority of us will not know what to do—we'll be stunned—and a minority of people will react badly. Whether you're in the top, middle or bottom group, we are all liable to behave in those ways unless we retrain ourselves. But this retraining isn't the mammoth task you might think.

粗略地说，在一个动态危机事件中，人们可以被分为三类。只有少数人知道该做什么(大约十分之一)，绝大多数人不知道该做什么——这袭人会被吓到——还有少数人会做出糟糕的反应。无论你是在顶层，中层还是底层，我们都有可能做出以上反应，除非我们重新训练自己应对危机。但这种再培训并没有你想象的那么困难。

By looking at the ways in which Dale Zelko's preparation and mindset allowed him to react appropriately to this most unexpected of events, we can understand how we all have the capacity to cope better, and gain insight into the simple things that we can do to improve how we respond.

从戴尔的准备和他面对危机事件的心态我们可以看出,我们可以知道我们该怎么做才能更好地面对这类状况,同时还可以从微末之处做起来改善我们对这类事件的反应。

The first thing to keep in mind is that new responses are much slower to present themselves than ones we've already prepared. The second is that we don't make the best decisions when we feel under threat.

首先要记住的是，临场反应比我们事先准备好的的反应要慢得多。其次，当我们感觉受到威胁时，我们不会做出最好的决定。

And it's not just your brain that is affected. The nerves that radiate out from your spinal cord go all over your body, transmitting information about you and the world around you to and from your brain and organs. When we are in dangerous situations, like being too close to a predator (or a bathrobe that looks like one), part of this network, the catchily titled “sympathetic autonomic nervous system,” kicks in.

而受影响的不仅仅是你的大脑。从你的脊髓放射出来的神经遍布你的全身，把关于你和你周围世界的信息传递给你的大脑和器官。当我们处于危险的情况下，比如离捕食者太近(或者一件看起来像捕食者的表象)，这个网络的一部分——一个引人注目的名字“交感自主神经系统”——就会启动。

You've probably heard of it before as the “fight, flight or freeze” reaction. It prepares your body for immediate action by dilating your pupils to capture more information visually, and dilating the bronchia in your lungs, which increases your intake of oxygen. It accelerates your heart rate to push more oxygen-rich blood to your muscles, makes you sweat to prevent overheating, and ups the secretion of adrenali ne. It also stops your body from wasting energy on functions that won't be needed in an emergency—it inhibits digestion, reduces saliva production, and stops other “secondary” muscle functions, notably in the bladder and bowels.

你之前可能听说过“战斗、逃跑或静止”的反应。它让你的身体做好立即行动的准备:通过扩张瞳孔来获取视觉上的更多信息，以及扩张肺部的支气管来增加氧气的摄入量。它会提升你的心率，将更多富含氧气的血液推向肌肉，让你出汗以防止过热，并增加肾上腺素氖的分泌。 它还会阻止你的身体在紧急情况下不需要的功能上浪费能量——它会抑制消化，减少唾液分泌，并阻止其他“次要”肌肉功能，尤其是膀胱和肠道的功能。

It's also the reason behind the dry mouth and butterflies that you feel when you're confronting something stressful, like a job interview, or giving an important presentation. We only have one set of biological processes to deal with stress and they evolved to deal with short, sharp moments of crisis before fading out when we move to safety. Unfortunately, in today's world, we are often receiving tiny bursts of constant stress, whether they're from the tyranny of the email inbox on our smartphone or rolling news. It's also important to keep in mind that the fast system can be pretty unreliable. Much in the same way that the intruder isn't there, often a perceived threat isn't real. That email from a colleague might be passive–aggressive or it might just be the equivalent of a bathrobe over a chair. Many of us now live in a wash of constant low-level stress, which is bad for our bodies but also bad for our ability to make good decisions.

这也是当你面对一些有压力的事情时，比如求职面试或做一个重要的演示时，你会感到口干和紧张的原因。我们只有一套生物反应过程来应对压力，它们进化到可以应对短暂而尖锐的危机时刻，然后在我们转移到安全地带之前消失。不幸的是，在当今世界，我们经常会收到持续不断的压力，无论是来自智能手机上的电子邮件收件箱，还是滚动的新闻。但是同样重要的是要记住，这种应急系统可能非常不可靠。就像入侵者并不存在一样，我们感知到的威胁通常并不真实。来自同事的邮件可能是消极攻击的，或者它可能只是等同于椅子上的浴袍。我们中的许多人现在生活在持续的低压力中，这对我们的身体有害，也不利于我们做出好的决定。

If you ever feel the symptoms of “panic” welling up in your chest during your day-to-day stuff—maybe a tight deadline is making you feel really anxious at the expense of getting your task done—try putting your free hand on the top of your stomach just below your ribs. Close your eyes to concentrate and close your mouth so that you're only breathing through your nose. As you breathe in, feel your stomach area expand under your hand. Try to breathe in and out slowly to a count of four; four in, four out, feeling your stomach rise and fall. This slow, deep breathing rebalances the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood and disengages the primitive fight or flight response. A calm, even breathing rhythm is the key and it can take a few minutes to achieve, but you should find that your heart rate gets back to normal and you start to feel better. Once you get good at it you can try “triangular breathing,” where you hold the inhale for another count of four before you exhale. Try triangular breathing lying down if you find it hard to get to sleep.

如果你曾经在日常工作中感到“恐慌”的症状涌上心头——也许紧迫的截止日期让你在完成任务的时候感到非常焦虑——试着把空着的手放在肋骨下面的肚子上。闭上眼睛集中注意力，闭上嘴巴，这样你就只能用鼻子呼吸了。当你吸气时，感觉你的腹部在你的手下扩张。试着慢慢吸气和呼气，数到四;四进四出，感觉你的胃起落。这种缓慢的深呼吸重新平衡了你血液中的氧气和二氧化碳的含量，并解除了原始的战斗或逃跑反应。一个平静，均匀的呼吸节奏是关键，它可能需要几分钟来达到，但你应该发现你的心率恢复正常，你开始感觉更好。一旦你熟练了，你可以尝试“三角呼吸”，在你呼气之前，再屏住呼吸数四下。如果你觉得很难入睡，试着躺着做三角呼吸。

What you're doing is tricking your brain into engaging the opposite response to the fight, flight or freeze one (the sympathetic autonomic nervous system). The opposite response you want to switch on, the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system, is best known as the “rest and digest” response. So the slow and steady breathing gradually puts the influential chemicals in your system back into a calmer balance.

你所做的是欺骗你的大脑，使其对战斗、逃跑或静止反应(交感自主神经系统)做出相反的反应。副交感自主神经系统是你想打开的相反的反应，其中最著名的是“休息和消化”反应。因此，缓慢而稳定的呼吸逐渐将影响你身体系统的化学物质恢复到平静的平衡状态。

Breathing techniques like this are brilliant because they can be applied pretty much anywhere, in situations from disasters to public speaking. Another great technique for hacking into the rest and digest response is to chew gum. Research by survival psychologist Sarita Robinson has found that chewing can engage the rest and digest response, lowering your stress-chemical levels and un-fogging your brain. It's one I've instinctively employed for years, like when I'm driving in heavy traffic or late at night, and now there's some survival world research to back it up too.

像这样的呼吸技巧非常棒，因为它们几乎可以应用在任何地方，从灾难到公众演讲。另一个帮助消化休息的好方法是嚼口香糖。生存心理学家莎莉塔·罗宾逊(Sarita Robinson)的研究发现，咀嚼可以促进休息和消化反应，降低你的压力-化学物质水平，让你的大脑清醒。这是我多年来本能地使用的一种方法，比如当我在交通拥挤或深夜开车时。现在有一些生物世界的研究也支持了这一方法。

What this means is that, if we want to make better decisions, we need to try and do two things: 1) try and make as much room in our rational brain as possible and 2) try and reprogram the brain out of the wrong shortcuts it takes when it feels under threat from a new situation.

这意味着,如果我们想做出更好的决策,我们需要做两件事:1试着尽可能地给我们的大脑更多的空间和2)尝试和重组大脑错误的感知和反应，因为受到威胁时需要从一种新的思维方式。

Whenever your body is working in under-threat mode, your adrenal glands also release the stress hormone cortisol to temporarily increase energy production. One of cortisol's other effects is to inhibit the laying down of new memories by your brain's hippocampus, which explains why even though he must have done so, Dale Zelko has no memory of pulling the emergency eject handle in his stricken stealth fighter. (Your memory creation is similarly inhibited if your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) gets above 0.2 per cent, hence the patchy plotlines of any really boozy night out.)

当你的身体在威胁模式下工作时，你的肾上腺也会释放压力荷尔蒙皮质醇来暂时增加能量生产。皮质醇的另一个作用是抑制大脑的海马体储存新记忆，这就解释了为什么即使他一定这么做了，戴尔·泽尔科也不记得拉过他受伤的隐形战斗机的紧急弹射手柄。(同样，如果你血液中的酒精浓度(BAC)超过0.2%，你的记忆生成也会受到抑制，因此任何真正喝醉的夜晚都会出现断片的情况。)

No matter how hard Dale tries, his memory of it is missing, yet it happened. The next thing he remembers is sitting in the ejection seat, watching his cockpit recede into the night below him, the many warning lights blinking in reds and yellows. That he was able to do all this so instinctively when it mattered is because he had repeatedly drilled what to do in the event of emergency, both back on the ground and, importantly, in his head, until it didn't involve producing a new response on race day.

无论戴尔多么努力地尝试，都回忆不起一些事情，但这些事情确实发生了。接下来，他记得自己坐在弹射座椅上，看着驾驶舱渐渐消失在夜色中，许多红色和黄色的警示灯闪烁着。他之所以能在关键时刻本能地做到这一切，是因为他反复演练了在紧急情况下该怎么做，无论是回到地面上，还是更重要的是，在他的头脑中，直到危机当天都没有产生新的反应。

This is why all military aircrews get specialist training for worst-case scenarios, aka “survival training,” whether they like it or not—because, one day, that training check may need to be cashed in. And when that day comes, you really don't want to be relying on the slow parts of your brain to come up with every response. So we survival instructors drag our students behind boats at sea in their parachute harnesses, to simulate being blown along after ejection over water, and to practice the drills needed to avoid drowning. We drop them off by helicopter in the dead of night and have them hunted by tracker teams, to practice the skills needed to avoid capture in hostile territory. Any type of training is easiest to remember if it's recent but, when push comes to shove, the very fact that you've done some training, even if it was a long time ago, can pay off. We remember actions much better if we've physically done them—rather than just thought, heard or read about them—and the more times we practice the actions, the more deeply they get ingrained in our brains.

这就是为什么所有的军事机组人员都要接受最坏情况的专业训练，也就是“生存训练”，不管他们喜欢与否——因为总有一天，这些训练成果将会兑现。当那一天到来的时候，你真的不会想依赖你大脑中反应慢的那部分来做出每一个反应。因此，我们的生存教导员在海上把学生们拖在带着降落伞的船后面，模拟他们在跳伞后被吹过水面，并练习避免溺水所需的训练。我们在夜深人静的时候用直升机把它们放下来，让追踪队去追捕它们，以练习避免在敌方领土上被捕获所需的技能。任何类型的训练肯定都是在越接近的时间接受就记忆越深刻,但到了紧要关头,即使你受到训练已经是很久以前的事了,他们还是会有作用。如果我们身体做的而不仅仅是想,听到或读到，我们的记忆会更加深刻——实践行动的次数越多,越会深深刻在我们的脑海里。

As part of the same learning process, and well before any survival-specific environmental training takes place, military aircrew like Dale Zelko are trained in how to deal with aircraft emergencies. On-board emergencies come in all shapes and sizes, and how to respond to them is learned by heart. Aircraft emergency drills are conducted in a very specific sequence and there is no ambiguity about content or order. That's because we don't want to have to think about it—we practice it again and again on the ground until it's second nature in the air. Baby Royal Air Force pilots even get "cardboard cockpits" so that they can practice their emergency drills back at their pit during downtime. These mock-ups are printed out life-size, to enable muscle movements and hand gestures to be repeated as "touch-drills" until they become instinctive.

作为同样的学习过程的一部分，在进行任何特定的生存环境训练之前，军事机组人员，比如戴尔会接受如何处理飞机紧急情况的训练。 飞机上的紧急情况有各种各样的形式和规模，你都要记住如何应对这些情况。飞机紧急演习是按照非常具体的顺序进行的，在内容或顺序上没有含糊不清的地方。我们在这种情况种会不假思索——我们在地面上一次又一次地演练模拟这种i情况，直到它在空中成为第二天性。皇家空军的婴儿飞行员甚至得到了“硬纸板驾驶舱”，这样他们可以在停机时间回到他们的基地进行紧急演习。这些模型是按照真人大小打印出来的，以使肌肉运动和手势能够像“触摸练习”一样重复，直到它们成为本能。

Just in case the trainee pilot is flying solo and blanks when the emergency happens, all of the “what-to-do” information is immediately available in their Flight Reference Cards. These cards are a simple, two-sided flip-book of essential drills, which are designed to fit in their flying suit pocket and be carried at all times. To make the emergency stuff easy to find, it occupies one side of each reference card and is colored bright red. This system is so effective that other branches of the armed forces have adopted it—the ones used by soldiers for ground emergencies are called “flap sheets.”

为了防止见习飞行员在紧急情况发生时独自飞行，所有“该做什么”的信息都可以立即在他们的飞行参考卡上找到。这些卡片是一个简单的双面翻页簿，上面有基本的钻头，设计成可以放进飞行服的口袋里，并且可以随时携带。为了让应急物品更容易找到，它占据了每张参考卡的一面，并被涂成鲜红色。这个系统非常有效，以致于军队的其他部门也采用了它——用于地面紧急情况的士兵使用的系统被称为“翻页”。

For Dale, this involved drilling himself until ejecting became a reflex. Now we can't prepare exactly as he did (there is no ejector seat handle in most of our lives) but the fundamental principle is the same. We might not be able to prepare exactly for the sorts of unexpected situations we'll experience in everyday life, but to make better decisions we need to have pre-loaded our system with comparable ideas before our equivalent of seeing the flash, feeling the earth shake, hearing the bang, or smelling the smoke.

对戴尔来说，自己不断练习，直到弹射成为一种条件反射。现在我们不能完全像他那样准备(在我们的大多数生活中没有弹射座椅手柄)，但基本原则是相同的。我们可能无法完全准备各种意想不到的情况下我们会在日常生活经验,但要做出更好的决策,我们需要和预装系统类似的想法，就像我们看到闪电,感觉刀大地震动,听到爆炸,或者闻到烟味。

A very simple thing you can do to improve how you might respond under pressure is to think about the sorts of things that might throw a spanner in the works in a given scenario. If you're on your way to make a crucial presentation, think about what the worst question you could be asked might be. What if your laptop won't connect to the screen? What if the train is cancelled, the motorway is solid with traffic? Don't just think about how awful those things would be—plan how you would respond to them.

你可以做一件非常简单的事情来改善你在压力下的反应，那就是思考在给定的场景中可能会抛出一个扳手的事情。如果你正在做一个重要的演讲，想想你可能被问到的最糟糕的问题是什么。如果你的笔记本电脑无法连接屏幕怎么办?如果火车班次取消了，高速公路上车流很拥挤怎么办?不要只考虑这些事情会有多糟糕，要计划你应该如何应对它们。

Imagine your next encounter with your boss. Pre-think the difficult question that they are most likely to ask you when they probe whatever task you're dealing with for them. You probably know them well enough to gauge what their motivations are in doing this. They will have an opinion about your answer to their question, which tends to be expressed as another question, so have the answers to that pre-prepared too. If you can come up with solid reactions to the next thing they'll ask, by “What if . . .” thinking that too, you won't get caught on the hop. Answering it all with confidence is half the battle, and you gain that by not being surprised into freezing.

想象一下你下次遇到老板的情景。预先思考他们在调查你在为他们处理的任务时最有可能问你的难题。你可能非常了解他们，可以判断他们这么做的动机是什么。他们会对你对他们问题的回答有自己的看法，而你的回答往往会以另一个问题的形式表达出来，所以也要提前准备好答案。如果你能对他们接下来要问的问题做出可靠的反应，通过“如果……会怎么样”这样的想法，你就不会被抓住不放了。充满信心地回答问题就是成功了一半，你要做到这一点，就是不要因为惊讶而被不知所措。

Once again, this doesn't mean simply thinking over and over again Oh no, what if it all goes wrong? Think of specific scenarios, with specific responses. Get it down on paper. The simplest way you can free up more space for the new thoughts you need to have is to outsource those you can to paper. Make your own flap sheet. If it's in your head, it's taking up space. Draw a diagram of your role in a project with five or so essential parts to it. What do you do if any one of them goes wrong? Try adding a variety of responses and imagining how they might play out. By increasing the number of scenarios you think about, math dictates that the number of truly unexpected events gets smaller. Unless you work somewhere where you're reinventing the wheel every time, you'll build up a basic store of scenarios and responses without them needing to have actually happened. This will never replace the value of first-hand experience, but by taking steps to disaster-proof the future, you're actually decreasing the chance of disaster. In fact, you're reframing things entirely, so that it's just an alternate scenario.

再次强调，这并不意味着要反复思考哦，不，如果一切都出了问题怎么办?想想具体的场景，具体的反应。把它写在纸上。就像头脑风暴一样，把你的想法写到纸上。你可以自由地翻页。如果它在你的脑海里，它就占据了空间。画出你在一个项目中所扮演的角色的图表，这个图表应该包括五个左右的重要部分。如果其中任何一个出了问题，你该怎么办?试着在里面加入各种各样的回答，并想象一下它们可能会带来什么结果。通过增加你所想到的场景的数量，可以估计的是，真正意想不到的事件的数量会变得更少。除非你工作的地方每次都是重复工作，否则你将建立一个基本的场景和反应存储库，而这些场景和反应并不需要实际发生。这永远不会取代第一手经验的价值，但通过采取措施预防未来的灾难，你实际上减少了发生灾难的机会。事实上，你是在重新定义一切，所以这只是另一种情况。

Visualizing success is all very well and good and should certainly be part of what we do, but it's only by imagining the unexpected that we begin the process of responding more quickly and decisively should it occur.

想象成功固然很好，当然也应该是我们所做的一部分，但只有通过想象意想不到的事情，我们才能在事情发生时做出更快、更果断的反应。

Excerpted from <a rel="nofollow noopener" href="https://www.amazon.com/How-Survive-Self-Reliance-Extreme-Circumstances/dp/1682686450">How to Survive: Self-Reliance in Extreme Circumstances</a>. Copyright © 2020, 2019 John Hudson. Reproduced by permission of The Countryman Press, a Division of W.W. Norton & Company. All rights reserved.

摘自<a rel="nofollow noopener" href="https://www.amazon.com/How-Survive-Self-Reliance-Extreme-Circumstances/dp/1682686450">《如何生存:极端情况下的自力更生》</a>，版权所有©2019约翰·哈德森。转载由Countryman出版社，W.W. Norton & Company的部门的许可。保留所有权利。

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